page-writeback.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 * mm/page-writeback.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2002, Linus Torvalds.
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Red Hat, Inc., Peter Zijlstra
 *
 * Contains functions related to writing back dirty pages at the
 * address_space level.
 *
 * 10Apr2002	Andrew Morton
 *		Initial version
 */

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/mpage.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/sysctl.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* __set_page_dirty_buffers */
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include <linux/sched/rt.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <trace/events/writeback.h>

#include "internal.h"

/*
 * Sleep at most 200ms at a time in balance_dirty_pages().
 */
#define MAX_PAUSE		max(HZ/5, 1)

/*
 * Try to keep balance_dirty_pages() call intervals higher than this many pages
 * by raising pause time to max_pause when falls below it.
 */
#define DIRTY_POLL_THRESH	(128 >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10))

/*
 * Estimate write bandwidth at 200ms intervals.
 */
#define BANDWIDTH_INTERVAL	max(HZ/5, 1)

#define RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT	10

/*
 * After a CPU has dirtied this many pages, balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited
 * will look to see if it needs to force writeback or throttling.
 */
static long ratelimit_pages = 32;

/* The following parameters are exported via /proc/sys/vm */

/*
 * Start background writeback (via writeback threads) at this percentage
 */
int dirty_background_ratio = 10;

/*
 * dirty_background_bytes starts at 0 (disabled) so that it is a function of
 * dirty_background_ratio * the amount of dirtyable memory
 */
unsigned long dirty_background_bytes;

/*
 * free highmem will not be subtracted from the total free memory
 * for calculating free ratios if vm_highmem_is_dirtyable is true
 */
int vm_highmem_is_dirtyable;

/*
 * The generator of dirty data starts writeback at this percentage
 */
int vm_dirty_ratio = 20;

/*
 * vm_dirty_bytes starts at 0 (disabled) so that it is a function of
 * vm_dirty_ratio * the amount of dirtyable memory
 */
unsigned long vm_dirty_bytes;

/*
 * The interval between `kupdate'-style writebacks
 */
unsigned int dirty_writeback_interval = 5 * 100; /* centiseconds */

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dirty_writeback_interval);

/*
 * The longest time for which data is allowed to remain dirty
 */
unsigned int dirty_expire_interval = 30 * 100; /* centiseconds */

/*
 * Flag that makes the machine dump writes/reads and block dirtyings.
 */
int block_dump;

/*
 * Flag that puts the machine in "laptop mode". Doubles as a timeout in jiffies:
 * a full sync is triggered after this time elapses without any disk activity.
 */
int laptop_mode;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(laptop_mode);

/* End of sysctl-exported parameters */

struct wb_domain global_wb_domain;

/* consolidated parameters for balance_dirty_pages() and its subroutines */
struct dirty_throttle_control {
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
	struct wb_domain	*dom;
	struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc;	/* only set in memcg dtc's */
#endif
	struct bdi_writeback	*wb;
	struct fprop_local_percpu *wb_completions;

	unsigned long		avail;		/* dirtyable */
	unsigned long		dirty;		/* file_dirty + write + nfs */
	unsigned long		thresh;		/* dirty threshold */
	unsigned long		bg_thresh;	/* dirty background threshold */

	unsigned long		wb_dirty;	/* per-wb counterparts */
	unsigned long		wb_thresh;
	unsigned long		wb_bg_thresh;

	unsigned long		pos_ratio;
};

/*
 * Length of period for aging writeout fractions of bdis. This is an
 * arbitrarily chosen number. The longer the period, the slower fractions will
 * reflect changes in current writeout rate.
 */
#define VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN (3*HZ)

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK

#define GDTC_INIT(__wb)		.wb = (__wb),				\
				.dom = &global_wb_domain,		\
				.wb_completions = &(__wb)->completions

#define GDTC_INIT_NO_WB		.dom = &global_wb_domain

#define MDTC_INIT(__wb, __gdtc)	.wb = (__wb),				\
				.dom = mem_cgroup_wb_domain(__wb),	\
				.wb_completions = &(__wb)->memcg_completions, \
				.gdtc = __gdtc

static bool mdtc_valid(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	return dtc->dom;
}

static struct wb_domain *dtc_dom(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	return dtc->dom;
}

static struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc_gdtc(struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc)
{
	return mdtc->gdtc;
}

static struct fprop_local_percpu *wb_memcg_completions(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	return &wb->memcg_completions;
}

static void wb_min_max_ratio(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
			     unsigned long *minp, unsigned long *maxp)
{
	unsigned long this_bw = wb->avg_write_bandwidth;
	unsigned long tot_bw = atomic_long_read(&wb->bdi->tot_write_bandwidth);
	unsigned long long min = wb->bdi->min_ratio;
	unsigned long long max = wb->bdi->max_ratio;

	/*
	 * @wb may already be clean by the time control reaches here and
	 * the total may not include its bw.
	 */
	if (this_bw < tot_bw) {
		if (min) {
			min *= this_bw;
			min = div64_ul(min, tot_bw);
		}
		if (max < 100) {
			max *= this_bw;
			max = div64_ul(max, tot_bw);
		}
	}

	*minp = min;
	*maxp = max;
}

#else	/* CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK */

#define GDTC_INIT(__wb)		.wb = (__wb),                           \
				.wb_completions = &(__wb)->completions
#define GDTC_INIT_NO_WB
#define MDTC_INIT(__wb, __gdtc)

static bool mdtc_valid(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	return false;
}

static struct wb_domain *dtc_dom(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	return &global_wb_domain;
}

static struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc_gdtc(struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc)
{
	return NULL;
}

static struct fprop_local_percpu *wb_memcg_completions(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	return NULL;
}

static void wb_min_max_ratio(struct bdi_writeback *wb,
			     unsigned long *minp, unsigned long *maxp)
{
	*minp = wb->bdi->min_ratio;
	*maxp = wb->bdi->max_ratio;
}

#endif	/* CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK */

/*
 * In a memory zone, there is a certain amount of pages we consider
 * available for the page cache, which is essentially the number of
 * free and reclaimable pages, minus some zone reserves to protect
 * lowmem and the ability to uphold the zone's watermarks without
 * requiring writeback.
 *
 * This number of dirtyable pages is the base value of which the
 * user-configurable dirty ratio is the effictive number of pages that
 * are allowed to be actually dirtied.  Per individual zone, or
 * globally by using the sum of dirtyable pages over all zones.
 *
 * Because the user is allowed to specify the dirty limit globally as
 * absolute number of bytes, calculating the per-zone dirty limit can
 * require translating the configured limit into a percentage of
 * global dirtyable memory first.
 */

/**
 * node_dirtyable_memory - number of dirtyable pages in a node
 * @pgdat: the node
 *
 * Return: the node's number of pages potentially available for dirty
 * page cache.  This is the base value for the per-node dirty limits.
 */
static unsigned long node_dirtyable_memory(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long nr_pages = 0;
	int z;

	for (z = 0; z < MAX_NR_ZONES; z++) {
		struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + z;

		if (!populated_zone(zone))
			continue;

		nr_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES);
	}

	/*
	 * Pages reserved for the kernel should not be considered
	 * dirtyable, to prevent a situation where reclaim has to
	 * clean pages in order to balance the zones.
	 */
	nr_pages -= min(nr_pages, pgdat->totalreserve_pages);

	nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
	nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_ACTIVE_FILE);

	return nr_pages;
}

static unsigned long highmem_dirtyable_memory(unsigned long total)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
	int node;
	unsigned long x = 0;
	int i;

	for_each_node_state(node, N_HIGH_MEMORY) {
		for (i = ZONE_NORMAL + 1; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
			struct zone *z;
			unsigned long nr_pages;

			if (!is_highmem_idx(i))
				continue;

			z = &NODE_DATA(node)->node_zones[i];
			if (!populated_zone(z))
				continue;

			nr_pages = zone_page_state(z, NR_FREE_PAGES);
			/* watch for underflows */
			nr_pages -= min(nr_pages, high_wmark_pages(z));
			nr_pages += zone_page_state(z, NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_FILE);
			nr_pages += zone_page_state(z, NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_FILE);
			x += nr_pages;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Unreclaimable memory (kernel memory or anonymous memory
	 * without swap) can bring down the dirtyable pages below
	 * the zone's dirty balance reserve and the above calculation
	 * will underflow.  However we still want to add in nodes
	 * which are below threshold (negative values) to get a more
	 * accurate calculation but make sure that the total never
	 * underflows.
	 */
	if ((long)x < 0)
		x = 0;

	/*
	 * Make sure that the number of highmem pages is never larger
	 * than the number of the total dirtyable memory. This can only
	 * occur in very strange VM situations but we want to make sure
	 * that this does not occur.
	 */
	return min(x, total);
#else
	return 0;
#endif
}

/**
 * global_dirtyable_memory - number of globally dirtyable pages
 *
 * Return: the global number of pages potentially available for dirty
 * page cache.  This is the base value for the global dirty limits.
 */
static unsigned long global_dirtyable_memory(void)
{
	unsigned long x;

	x = global_zone_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES);
	/*
	 * Pages reserved for the kernel should not be considered
	 * dirtyable, to prevent a situation where reclaim has to
	 * clean pages in order to balance the zones.
	 */
	x -= min(x, totalreserve_pages);

	x += global_node_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
	x += global_node_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_FILE);

	if (!vm_highmem_is_dirtyable)
		x -= highmem_dirtyable_memory(x);

	return x + 1;	/* Ensure that we never return 0 */
}

/**
 * domain_dirty_limits - calculate thresh and bg_thresh for a wb_domain
 * @dtc: dirty_throttle_control of interest
 *
 * Calculate @dtc->thresh and ->bg_thresh considering
 * vm_dirty_{bytes|ratio} and dirty_background_{bytes|ratio}.  The caller
 * must ensure that @dtc->avail is set before calling this function.  The
 * dirty limits will be lifted by 1/4 for PF_LESS_THROTTLE (ie. nfsd) and
 * real-time tasks.
 */
static void domain_dirty_limits(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	const unsigned long available_memory = dtc->avail;
	struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc = mdtc_gdtc(dtc);
	unsigned long bytes = vm_dirty_bytes;
	unsigned long bg_bytes = dirty_background_bytes;
	/* convert ratios to per-PAGE_SIZE for higher precision */
	unsigned long ratio = (vm_dirty_ratio * PAGE_SIZE) / 100;
	unsigned long bg_ratio = (dirty_background_ratio * PAGE_SIZE) / 100;
	unsigned long thresh;
	unsigned long bg_thresh;
	struct task_struct *tsk;

	/* gdtc is !NULL iff @dtc is for memcg domain */
	if (gdtc) {
		unsigned long global_avail = gdtc->avail;

		/*
		 * The byte settings can't be applied directly to memcg
		 * domains.  Convert them to ratios by scaling against
		 * globally available memory.  As the ratios are in
		 * per-PAGE_SIZE, they can be obtained by dividing bytes by
		 * number of pages.
		 */
		if (bytes)
			ratio = min(DIV_ROUND_UP(bytes, global_avail),
				    PAGE_SIZE);
		if (bg_bytes)
			bg_ratio = min(DIV_ROUND_UP(bg_bytes, global_avail),
				       PAGE_SIZE);
		bytes = bg_bytes = 0;
	}

	if (bytes)
		thresh = DIV_ROUND_UP(bytes, PAGE_SIZE);
	else
		thresh = (ratio * available_memory) / PAGE_SIZE;

	if (bg_bytes)
		bg_thresh = DIV_ROUND_UP(bg_bytes, PAGE_SIZE);
	else
		bg_thresh = (bg_ratio * available_memory) / PAGE_SIZE;

	if (bg_thresh >= thresh)
		bg_thresh = thresh / 2;
	tsk = current;
	if (tsk->flags & PF_LESS_THROTTLE || rt_task(tsk)) {
		bg_thresh += bg_thresh / 4 + global_wb_domain.dirty_limit / 32;
		thresh += thresh / 4 + global_wb_domain.dirty_limit / 32;
	}
	dtc->thresh = thresh;
	dtc->bg_thresh = bg_thresh;

	/* we should eventually report the domain in the TP */
	if (!gdtc)
		trace_global_dirty_state(bg_thresh, thresh);
}

/**
 * global_dirty_limits - background-writeback and dirty-throttling thresholds
 * @pbackground: out parameter for bg_thresh
 * @pdirty: out parameter for thresh
 *
 * Calculate bg_thresh and thresh for global_wb_domain.  See
 * domain_dirty_limits() for details.
 */
void global_dirty_limits(unsigned long *pbackground, unsigned long *pdirty)
{
	struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT_NO_WB };

	gdtc.avail = global_dirtyable_memory();
	domain_dirty_limits(&gdtc);

	*pbackground = gdtc.bg_thresh;
	*pdirty = gdtc.thresh;
}

/**
 * node_dirty_limit - maximum number of dirty pages allowed in a node
 * @pgdat: the node
 *
 * Return: the maximum number of dirty pages allowed in a node, based
 * on the node's dirtyable memory.
 */
static unsigned long node_dirty_limit(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long node_memory = node_dirtyable_memory(pgdat);
	struct task_struct *tsk = current;
	unsigned long dirty;

	if (vm_dirty_bytes)
		dirty = DIV_ROUND_UP(vm_dirty_bytes, PAGE_SIZE) *
			node_memory / global_dirtyable_memory();
	else
		dirty = vm_dirty_ratio * node_memory / 100;

	if (tsk->flags & PF_LESS_THROTTLE || rt_task(tsk))
		dirty += dirty / 4;

	return dirty;
}

/**
 * node_dirty_ok - tells whether a node is within its dirty limits
 * @pgdat: the node to check
 *
 * Return: %true when the dirty pages in @pgdat are within the node's
 * dirty limit, %false if the limit is exceeded.
 */
bool node_dirty_ok(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
{
	unsigned long limit = node_dirty_limit(pgdat);
	unsigned long nr_pages = 0;

	nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_FILE_DIRTY);
	nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_UNSTABLE_NFS);
	nr_pages += node_page_state(pgdat, NR_WRITEBACK);

	return nr_pages <= limit;
}

int dirty_background_ratio_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
		void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp,
		loff_t *ppos)
{
	int ret;

	ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
	if (ret == 0 && write)
		dirty_background_bytes = 0;
	return ret;
}

int dirty_background_bytes_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
		void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp,
		loff_t *ppos)
{
	int ret;

	ret = proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
	if (ret == 0 && write)
		dirty_background_ratio = 0;
	return ret;
}

int dirty_ratio_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
		void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp,
		loff_t *ppos)
{
	int old_ratio = vm_dirty_ratio;
	int ret;

	ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
	if (ret == 0 && write && vm_dirty_ratio != old_ratio) {
		writeback_set_ratelimit();
		vm_dirty_bytes = 0;
	}
	return ret;
}

int dirty_bytes_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
		void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp,
		loff_t *ppos)
{
	unsigned long old_bytes = vm_dirty_bytes;
	int ret;

	ret = proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
	if (ret == 0 && write && vm_dirty_bytes != old_bytes) {
		writeback_set_ratelimit();
		vm_dirty_ratio = 0;
	}
	return ret;
}

static unsigned long wp_next_time(unsigned long cur_time)
{
	cur_time += VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN;
	/* 0 has a special meaning... */
	if (!cur_time)
		return 1;
	return cur_time;
}

static void wb_domain_writeout_inc(struct wb_domain *dom,
				   struct fprop_local_percpu *completions,
				   unsigned int max_prop_frac)
{
	__fprop_inc_percpu_max(&dom->completions, completions,
			       max_prop_frac);
	/* First event after period switching was turned off? */
	if (unlikely(!dom->period_time)) {
		/*
		 * We can race with other __bdi_writeout_inc calls here but
		 * it does not cause any harm since the resulting time when
		 * timer will fire and what is in writeout_period_time will be
		 * roughly the same.
		 */
		dom->period_time = wp_next_time(jiffies);
		mod_timer(&dom->period_timer, dom->period_time);
	}
}

/*
 * Increment @wb's writeout completion count and the global writeout
 * completion count. Called from test_clear_page_writeback().
 */
static inline void __wb_writeout_inc(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	struct wb_domain *cgdom;

	inc_wb_stat(wb, WB_WRITTEN);
	wb_domain_writeout_inc(&global_wb_domain, &wb->completions,
			       wb->bdi->max_prop_frac);

	cgdom = mem_cgroup_wb_domain(wb);
	if (cgdom)
		wb_domain_writeout_inc(cgdom, wb_memcg_completions(wb),
				       wb->bdi->max_prop_frac);
}

void wb_writeout_inc(struct bdi_writeback *wb)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	local_irq_save(flags);
	__wb_writeout_inc(wb);
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(wb_writeout_inc);

/*
 * On idle system, we can be called long after we scheduled because we use
 * deferred timers so count with missed periods.
 */
static void writeout_period(struct timer_list *t)
{
	struct wb_domain *dom = from_timer(dom, t, period_timer);
	int miss_periods = (jiffies - dom->period_time) /
						 VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN;

	if (fprop_new_period(&dom->completions, miss_periods + 1)) {
		dom->period_time = wp_next_time(dom->period_time +
				miss_periods * VM_COMPLETIONS_PERIOD_LEN);
		mod_timer(&dom->period_timer, dom->period_time);
	} else {
		/*
		 * Aging has zeroed all fractions. Stop wasting CPU on period
		 * updates.
		 */
		dom->period_time = 0;
	}
}

int wb_domain_init(struct wb_domain *dom, gfp_t gfp)
{
	memset(dom, 0, sizeof(*dom));

	spin_lock_init(&dom->lock);

	timer_setup(&dom->period_timer, writeout_period, TIMER_DEFERRABLE);

	dom->dirty_limit_tstamp = jiffies;

	return fprop_global_init(&dom->completions, gfp);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK
void wb_domain_exit(struct wb_domain *dom)
{
	del_timer_sync(&dom->period_timer);
	fprop_global_destroy(&dom->completions);
}
#endif

/*
 * bdi_min_ratio keeps the sum of the minimum dirty shares of all
 * registered backing devices, which, for obvious reasons, can not
 * exceed 100%.
 */
static unsigned int bdi_min_ratio;

int bdi_set_min_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned int min_ratio)
{
	int ret = 0;

	spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
	if (min_ratio > bdi->max_ratio) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
	} else {
		min_ratio -= bdi->min_ratio;
		if (bdi_min_ratio + min_ratio < 100) {
			bdi_min_ratio += min_ratio;
			bdi->min_ratio += min_ratio;
		} else {
			ret = -EINVAL;
		}
	}
	spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);

	return ret;
}

int bdi_set_max_ratio(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, unsigned max_ratio)
{
	int ret = 0;

	if (max_ratio > 100)
		return -EINVAL;

	spin_lock_bh(&bdi_lock);
	if (bdi->min_ratio > max_ratio) {
		ret = -EINVAL;
	} else {
		bdi->max_ratio = max_ratio;
		bdi->max_prop_frac = (FPROP_FRAC_BASE * max_ratio) / 100;
	}
	spin_unlock_bh(&bdi_lock);

	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdi_set_max_ratio);

static unsigned long dirty_freerun_ceiling(unsigned long thresh,
					   unsigned long bg_thresh)
{
	return (thresh + bg_thresh) / 2;
}

static unsigned long hard_dirty_limit(struct wb_domain *dom,
				      unsigned long thresh)
{
	return max(thresh, dom->dirty_limit);
}

/*
 * Memory which can be further allocated to a memcg domain is capped by
 * system-wide clean memory excluding the amount being used in the domain.
 */
static void mdtc_calc_avail(struct dirty_throttle_control *mdtc,
			    unsigned long filepages, unsigned long headroom)
{
	struct dirty_throttle_control *gdtc = mdtc_gdtc(mdtc);
	unsigned long clean = filepages - min(filepages, mdtc->dirty);
	unsigned long global_clean = gdtc->avail - min(gdtc->avail, gdtc->dirty);
	unsigned long other_clean = global_clean - min(global_clean, clean);

	mdtc->avail = filepages + min(headroom, other_clean);
}

/**
 * __wb_calc_thresh - @wb's share of dirty throttling threshold
 * @dtc: dirty_throttle_context of interest
 *
 * Note that balance_dirty_pages() will only seriously take it as a hard limit
 * when sleeping max_pause per page is not enough to keep the dirty pages under
 * control. For example, when the device is completely stalled due to some error
 * conditions, or when there are 1000 dd tasks writing to a slow 10MB/s USB key.
 * In the other normal situations, it acts more gently by throttling the tasks
 * more (rather than completely block them) when the wb dirty pages go high.
 *
 * It allocates high/low dirty limits to fast/slow devices, in order to prevent
 * - starving fast devices
 * - piling up dirty pages (that will take long time to sync) on slow devices
 *
 * The wb's share of dirty limit will be adapting to its throughput and
 * bounded by the bdi->min_ratio and/or bdi->max_ratio parameters, if set.
 *
 * Return: @wb's dirty limit in pages. The term "dirty" in the context of
 * dirty balancing includes all PG_dirty, PG_writeback and NFS unstable pages.
 */
static unsigned long __wb_calc_thresh(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	struct wb_domain *dom = dtc_dom(dtc);
	unsigned long thresh = dtc->thresh;
	u64 wb_thresh;
	unsigned long numerator, denominator;
	unsigned long wb_min_ratio, wb_max_ratio;

	/*
	 * Calculate this BDI's share of the thresh ratio.
	 */
	fprop_fraction_percpu(&dom->completions, dtc->wb_completions,
			      &numerator, &denominator);

	wb_thresh = (thresh * (100 - bdi_min_ratio)) / 100;
	wb_thresh *= numerator;
	wb_thresh = div64_ul(wb_thresh, denominator);

	wb_min_max_ratio(dtc->wb, &wb_min_ratio, &wb_max_ratio);

	wb_thresh += (thresh * wb_min_ratio) / 100;
	if (wb_thresh > (thresh * wb_max_ratio) / 100)
		wb_thresh = thresh * wb_max_ratio / 100;

	return wb_thresh;
}

unsigned long wb_calc_thresh(struct bdi_writeback *wb, unsigned long thresh)
{
	struct dirty_throttle_control gdtc = { GDTC_INIT(wb),
					       .thresh = thresh };
	return __wb_calc_thresh(&gdtc);
}

/*
 *                           setpoint - dirty 3
 *        f(dirty) := 1.0 + (----------------)
 *                           limit - setpoint
 *
 * it's a 3rd order polynomial that subjects to
 *
 * (1) f(freerun)  = 2.0 => rampup dirty_ratelimit reasonably fast
 * (2) f(setpoint) = 1.0 => the balance point
 * (3) f(limit)    = 0   => the hard limit
 * (4) df/dx      <= 0	 => negative feedback control
 * (5) the closer to setpoint, the smaller |df/dx| (and the reverse)
 *     => fast response on large errors; small oscillation near setpoint
 */
static long long pos_ratio_polynom(unsigned long setpoint,
					  unsigned long dirty,
					  unsigned long limit)
{
	long long pos_ratio;
	long x;

	x = div64_s64(((s64)setpoint - (s64)dirty) << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT,
		      (limit - setpoint) | 1);
	pos_ratio = x;
	pos_ratio = pos_ratio * x >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;
	pos_ratio = pos_ratio * x >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;
	pos_ratio += 1 << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT;

	return clamp(pos_ratio, 0LL, 2LL << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT);
}

/*
 * Dirty position control.
 *
 * (o) global/bdi setpoints
 *
 * We want the dirty pages be balanced around the global/wb setpoints.
 * When the number of dirty pages is higher/lower than the setpoint, the
 * dirty position control ratio (and hence task dirty ratelimit) will be
 * decreased/increased to bring the dirty pages back to the setpoint.
 *
 *     pos_ratio = 1 << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT
 *
 *     if (dirty < setpoint) scale up   pos_ratio
 *     if (dirty > setpoint) scale down pos_ratio
 *
 *     if (wb_dirty < wb_setpoint) scale up   pos_ratio
 *     if (wb_dirty > wb_setpoint) scale down pos_ratio
 *
 *     task_ratelimit = dirty_ratelimit * pos_ratio >> RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT
 *
 * (o) global control line
 *
 *     ^ pos_ratio
 *     |
 *     |            |<===== global dirty control scope ======>|
 * 2.0 .............*
 *     |            .*
 *     |            . *
 *     |            .   *
 *     |            .     *
 *     |            .        *
 *     |            .            *
 * 1.0 ................................*
 *     |            .                  .     *
 *     |            .                  .          *
 *     |            .                  .              *
 *     |            .                  .                 *
 *     |            .                  .                    *
 *   0 +------------.------------------.----------------------*------------->
 *           freerun^          setpoint^                 limit^   dirty pages
 *
 * (o) wb control line
 *
 *     ^ pos_ratio
 *     |
 *     |            *
 *     |              *
 *     |                *
 *     |                  *
 *     |                    * |<=========== span ============>|
 * 1.0 .......................*
 *     |                      . *
 *     |                      .   *
 *     |                      .     *
 *     |                      .       *
 *     |                      .         *
 *     |                      .           *
 *     |                      .             *
 *     |                      .               *
 *     |                      .                 *
 *     |                      .                   *
 *     |                      .                     *
 * 1/4 ...............................................* * * * * * * * * * * *
 *     |                      .                         .
 *     |                      .                           .
 *     |                      .                             .
 *   0 +----------------------.-------------------------------.------------->
 *                wb_setpoint^                    x_intercept^
 *
 * The wb control line won't drop below pos_ratio=1/4, so that wb_dirty can
 * be smoothly throttled down to normal if it starts high in situations like
 * - start writing to a slow SD card and a fast disk at the same time. The SD
 *   card's wb_dirty may rush to many times higher than wb_setpoint.
 * - the wb dirty thresh drops quickly due to change of JBOD workload
 */
static void wb_position_ratio(struct dirty_throttle_control *dtc)
{
	struct bdi_writeback *wb = dtc->wb;
	unsigned long write_bw = wb->avg_write_bandwidth;
	unsigned long freerun = dirty_freerun_ceiling(dtc->thresh, dtc->bg_thresh);
	unsigned long limit = hard_dirty_limit(dtc_dom(dtc), dtc->thresh);
	unsigned long wb_thresh = dtc->wb_thresh;
	unsigned long x_intercept;
	unsigned long setpoint;		/* dirty pages' target balance point */
	unsigned long wb_setpoint;
	unsigned long span;
	long long pos_ratio;		/* for scaling up/down the rate limit */
	long x;

	dtc->pos_ratio = 0;

	if (unlikely(dtc->dirty >= limit))
		return;

	/*
	 * global setpoint
	 *
	 * See comment for pos_ratio_polynom().
	 */
	setpoint = (freerun + limit) / 2;
	pos_ratio = pos_ratio_polynom(setpoint, dtc->dirty, limit);

	/*
	 * The strictlimit feature is a tool preventing mistrusted filesystems
	 * from growing a large number of dirty pages before throttling. For
	 * such filesystems balance_dirty_pages always checks wb counters
	 * against wb limits. Even if global "nr_dirty" is under "freerun".
	 * This is especially important for fuse which sets bdi->max_ratio to
	 * 1% by default. Without strictlimit feature, fuse writeback may
	 * consume arbitrary amount of RAM because it is accounted in
	 * NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP which is not involved in calculating "nr_dirty".
	 *
	 * Here, in wb_position_ratio(), we calculate pos_ratio based on
	 * two values: wb_dirty and wb_thresh. Let's consider an example:
	 * total amount of RAM is 16GB, bdi->max_ratio is equal to 1%, global
	 * limits are set by default to 10% and 20% (background and throttle).
	 * Then wb_thresh is 1% of 20% of 16GB. This amounts to ~8K pages.
	 * wb_calc_thresh(wb, bg_thresh) is about ~4K pages. wb_setpoint is
	 * about ~6K pages (as the average of background and throttle wb
	 * limits). The 3rd order polynomial will provide positive feedback if
	 * wb_dirty is under wb_setpoint and vice versa.
	 *
	 * Note, that we cannot use global counters in these calculations
	 * because we want to throttle process writing to a strictlimit wb
	 * much earlier than global "freerun" is reached (~23MB vs. ~2.3GB
	 * in the example above).
	 */
	if (unlikely(wb->bdi->capabilities & BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT)) {
		long long wb_pos_ratio;

		if (dtc->wb_dirty < 8) {
			dtc->pos_ratio = min_t(long long, pos_ratio * 2,
					   2 << RATELIMIT_CALC_SHIFT);
			return;
		}

		if (dtc->wb_dirty >= wb_thresh)
			return;

		wb_setpoint = dirty_freerun_ceiling(wb_thresh,
						    dtc->wb_bg_thresh);

		if (wb_setpoint == 0 || wb_setpoint == wb_thresh)
			return;

		wb_pos_ratio = pos_ratio_polynom(wb_setpoint, dtc->wb_dirty,
						 wb_thresh);

		/*
		 * Typically, for strictlimit case, wb_setpoint << setpoint
		 * and pos_ratio >> wb_pos_ratio. In the other words global
		 * state ("dirty") is not limiting factor and we have to
		 * make decision based on wb counters. But there is an
		 * important case when global pos_ratio should get precedence:
		 * global limits are exceeded (e.g. due to activities on other
		 * wb's) while given strictlimit wb is below limit.
		 *
		 * "pos_ratio * wb_pos_ratio" would work for the case above,
		 * but it would look too non-natural for the case of all
		 * activity in the system coming from a single strictlimit wb
		 * with bdi->max_ratio == 100%.
		 *
		 * Note that min() below somewhat changes the dynamics of the
		 * control system. Normally, pos_ratio value can be well over 3
		 * (when globally we are at freerun and wb is well below wb
		 * setpoint). Now the maximum pos_ratio in the same situation
		 * is 2. We might want to tweak this if we observe the control
		 * system is too slow to adapt.
		 */
		dtc->pos_ratio = min(pos_ratio, wb_pos_ratio);
		return;
	}