xfs: timestamp updates cause excessive fdatasync log traffic

Sage Weil reported that a ceph test workload was writing to the
log on every fdatasync during an overwrite workload. Event tracing
showed that the only metadata modification being made was the
timestamp updates during the write(2) syscall, but fdatasync(2)
is supposed to ignore them. The key observation was that the
transactions in the log all looked like this:

INODE: #regs: 4   ino: 0x8b  flags: 0x45   dsize: 32

And contained a flags field of 0x45 or 0x85, and had data and
attribute forks following the inode core. This means that the
timestamp updates were triggering dirty relogging of previously
logged parts of the inode that hadn't yet been flushed back to
disk.

There are two parts to this problem. The first is that XFS relogs
dirty regions in subsequent transactions, so it carries around the
fields that have been dirtied since the last time the inode was
written back to disk, not since the last time the inode was forced
into the log.

The second part is that on v5 filesystems, the inode change count
update during inode dirtying also sets the XFS_ILOG_CORE flag, so
on v5 filesystems this makes a timestamp update dirty the entire
inode.

As a result when fdatasync is run, it looks at the dirty fields in
the inode, and sees more than just the timestamp flag, even though
the only metadata change since the last fdatasync was just the
timestamps. Hence we force the log on every subsequent fdatasync
even though it is not needed.

To fix this, add a new field to the inode log item that tracks
changes since the last time fsync/fdatasync forced the log to flush
the changes to the journal. This flag is updated when we dirty the
inode, but we do it before updating the change count so it does not
carry the "core dirty" flag from timestamp updates. The fields are
zeroed when the inode is marked clean (due to writeback/freeing) or
when an fsync/datasync forces the log. Hence if we only dirty the
timestamps on the inode between fsync/fdatasync calls, the fdatasync
will not trigger another log force.

Over 100 runs of the test program:

Ext4 baseline:
	runtime: 1.63s +/- 0.24s
	avg lat: 1.59ms +/- 0.24ms
	iops: ~2000

XFS, vanilla kernel:
        runtime: 2.45s +/- 0.18s
	avg lat: 2.39ms +/- 0.18ms
	log forces: ~400/s
	iops: ~1000

XFS, patched kernel:
        runtime: 1.49s +/- 0.26s
	avg lat: 1.46ms +/- 0.25ms
	log forces: ~30/s
	iops: ~1500

Reported-by: Sage Weil <sage@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Brian Foster <bfoster@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>