Few of the notifier_chain_register() callers use __init in the definition
of notifier_call.  It is incorrect as the function definition should be
available after the initializations (they do not unregister them during
initializations).

This patch fixes all such usages to _not_ have the notifier_call __init
section.

Signed-off-by: Chandra Seetharaman <sekharan@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Replace for_each_pgdat() with for_each_online_pgdat().

Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

A couple of places are forgetting to take it.

The kswapd case is probably unimportant.  keventd_create_kthread() was racy.

The whole thing is a bit flakey: you start a kernel thread, get its pid from
kernel_thread() then look up its task_struct.

a) It assumes that pid recycling takes a "long" time.

b) We get a task_struct but no reference was taken on it.  The owner of the
   kswapd and kthread task_struct*'s must assume that the new thread won't
   exit unexpectedly.  Because if it does, they're left holding dead memory
   and any attempt to control or stop that task will crash.

Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Centralize the page migration functions in anticipation of additional
tinkering.  Creates a new file mm/migrate.c

1. Extract buffer_migrate_page() from fs/buffer.c

2. Extract central migration code from vmscan.c

3. Extract some components from mempolicy.c

4. Export pageout() and remove_from_swap() from vmscan.c

5. Make it possible to configure NUMA systems without page migration
   and non-NUMA systems with page migration.

I had to so some #ifdeffing in mempolicy.c that may need a cleanup.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Make shrink_all_memory() repeat the attempts to free more memory if there
seems to be no pages to free.

Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

As suggested by Marcelo:

1. The optimization introduced recently for not calling
   page_referenced() during zone reclaim makes two additional checks in
   shrink_list unnecessary.

2. The if (unlikely(sc->may_swap)) in refill_inactive_zone is optimized
   for the zone_reclaim case.  However, most peoples system only does swap.
   Undo that.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <marcelo.tosatti@cyclades.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Remove __put_page from outside the core mm/.  It is dangerous because it does
not handle compound pages nicely, and misses 1->0 transitions.  If a user
later appears that really needs the extra speed we can reevaluate.

Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

In shrink_inactive_list(), nr_scan is not accounted when nr_taken is 0.
But 0 pages taken does not mean 0 pages scanned.

Move the goto statement below the accounting code to fix it.

Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

In isolate_lru_pages(), *scanned reports one more scan because the scan
counter is increased one more time on exit of the while-loop.

Change the while-loop to for-loop to fix it.

Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Add some comments to explain how zone reclaim works.  And it fixes the
following issues:

- PF_SWAPWRITE needs to be set for RECLAIM_SWAP to be able to write
  out pages to swap. Currently RECLAIM_SWAP may not do that.

- remove setting nr_reclaimed pages after slab reclaim since the slab shrinking
  code does not use that and the nr_reclaimed pages is just right for the
  intended follow up action.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

We have:

	try_to_free_pages
	->shrink_caches(struct zone **zones, ..)
	  ->shrink_zone(struct zone *, ...)
	    ->shrink_cache(struct zone *, ...)
	      ->shrink_list(struct list_head *, ...)
	    ->refill_inactive_list((struct zone *, ...)

which is fairly irrational.

Rename things so that we have

 	try_to_free_pages
 	->shrink_zones(struct zone **zones, ..)
 	  ->shrink_zone(struct zone *, ...)
 	    ->shrink_inactive_list(struct zone *, ...)
 	      ->shrink_page_list(struct list_head *, ...)
	    ->shrink_active_list(struct zone *, ...)

Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Change all the vmscan functions to retunr the number-of-reclaimed pages and
remove scan_conrtol.nr_reclaimed.

Saves ten-odd bytes of text and makes things clearer and more consistent.

The patch also changes the behaviour of zone_reclaim() when it falls back to slab shrinking.  Christoph says

  "Setting this to one means that we will rescan and shrink the slab for
  each allocation if we are out of zone memory and RECLAIM_SLAB is set.  Plus
  if we do an order 0 allocation we do not go off node as intended.

  "We better set this to zero.  This means the allocation will go offnode
  despite us having potentially freed lots of memory on the zone.  Future
  allocations can then again be done from this zone."

Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Turn basically everything in vmscan.c into `unsigned long'.  This is to avoid
the possibility that some piece of code in there might decide to operate upon
more than 4G (or even 2G) of pages in one hit.

This might be silly, but we'll need it one day.

Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Initialise as much of scan_control as possible at the declaration site.  This
tidies things up a bit and assures us that all unmentioned fields are zeroed
out.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Make nr_to_scan and priority a parameter instead of putting it into scan
control.  This allows various small optimizations and IMHO makes the code
easier to read.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

The VM has an interesting race where a page refcount can drop to zero, but it
is still on the LRU lists for a short time.  This was solved by testing a 0->1
refcount transition when picking up pages from the LRU, and dropping the
refcount in that case.

Instead, use atomic_add_unless to ensure we never pick up a 0 refcount page
from the LRU, thus a 0 refcount page will never have its refcount elevated
until it is allocated again.

Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

PG_active is protected by zone->lru_lock, it does not need TestSet/TestClear
operations.

Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

PG_lru is protected by zone->lru_lock. It does not need TestSet/TestClear
operations.

Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

If vmscan finds a zero refcount page on the lru list, never ClearPageLRU
it.  This means the release code need not hold ->lru_lock to stabilise
PageLRU, so that lock may be skipped entirely when releasing !PageLRU pages
(because we know PageLRU won't have been temporarily cleared by vmscan,
which was previously guaranteed by holding the lock to synchronise against
vmscan).

Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

page migration currently simply retries a couple of times if try_to_unmap()
fails without inspecting the return code.

However, SWAP_FAIL indicates that the page is in a vma that has the
VM_LOCKED flag set (if ignore_refs ==1).  We can check for that return code
and avoid retrying the migration.

migrate_page_remove_references() now needs to return a reason why the
failure occured.  So switch migrate_page_remove_references to use -Exx
style error messages.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

If the process has already set PF_MALLOC and is already using
current->reclaim_state then do not try to reclaim memory from the zone.
This is set by kswapd and/or synchrononous global reclaim which will not
take it lightly if we zap the reclaim_state.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sig.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

- PF_SWAPWRITE needs to be set for RECLAIM_SWAP to be able to write
  out pages to swap. Currently RECLAIM_SWAP may not do that.

- remove setting nr_reclaimed pages after slab reclaim since the slab shrinking
  code does not use that and the nr_reclaimed pages is just right for the
  intended follow up action.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

This puts the variables and the way to get to reclaim_mapped in one block.
And allows zone_reclaim or other things to skip the determination (maybe
this whole block of code does not belong into refill_inactive_zone()?)

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

shrink_zone() already increments reclaim_in_progress.  No need to do it in
balance_pgdat.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

shrink_list() and refill_inactive() check all ptes pointing to a page for
reference bits in order to decide if the page should be put on the active
list.  This is not necessary for zone_reclaim since we are only interested
in removing unmapped pages.  Skip the checks in both functions.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

This adds some additional comments in order to help others figure out how
exactly the code works.  And fix a variable name.

Also swap_page does need to ignore all reference bits when unmapping a
page.  Otherwise we may have to repeatedly unmap a frequently touched page.
So change the try_to_unmap parameter to 1.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Migrate a page with buffers without requiring writeback

This introduces a new address space operation migratepage() that may be used
by a filesystem to implement its own version of page migration.

A version is provided that migrates buffers attached to pages.  Some
filesystems (ext2, ext3, xfs) are modified to utilize this feature.

The swapper address space operation are modified so that a regular
migrate_page() will occur for anonymous pages without writeback (migrate_pages
forces every anonymous page to have a swap entry).

Signed-off-by: Mike Kravetz <kravetz@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Add remove_from_swap

remove_from_swap() allows the restoration of the pte entries that existed
before page migration occurred for anonymous pages by walking the reverse
maps.  This reduces swap use and establishes regular pte's without the need
for page faults.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Add direct migration support with fall back to swap.

Direct migration support on top of the swap based page migration facility.

This allows the direct migration of anonymous pages and the migration of file
backed pages by dropping the associated buffers (requires writeout).

Fall back to swap out if necessary.

The patch is based on lots of patches from the hotplug project but the code
was restructured, documented and simplified as much as possible.

Note that an additional patch that defines the migrate_page() method for
filesystems is necessary in order to avoid writeback for anonymous and file
backed pages.

Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Kravetz <kravetz@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

If large amounts of zone memory are used by empty slabs then zone_reclaim
becomes uneffective.  This patch shakes the slab a bit.

The problem with this patch is that the slab reclaim is not containable to a
zone.  Thus slab reclaim may affect the whole system and be extremely slow.
This also means that we cannot determine how many pages were freed in this
zone.  Thus we need to go off node for at least one allocation.

The functionality is disabled by default.

We could modify the shrinkers to take a zone parameter but that would be quite
invasive.  Better ideas are welcome.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

In some situations one may want zone_reclaim to behave differently.  For
example a process writing large amounts of memory will spew unto other nodes
to cache the writes if many pages in a zone become dirty.  This may impact the
performance of processes running on other nodes.

Allowing writes during reclaim puts a stop to that behavior and throttles the
process by restricting the pages to the local zone.

Similarly one may want to contain processes to local memory by enabling
regular swap behavior during zone_reclaim.  Off node memory allocation can
then be controlled through memory policies and cpusets.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Currently the zone_reclaim code has a fixed window of 30 seconds of off node
allocations should a local zone have no unused pagecache pages left.  Reclaim
will be attempted again after this timeout period to avoid repeated useless
scans for memory.  This is also useful to established sufficiently large off
node allocation chunks to relieve the local node.

It may be beneficial to adjust that time period for some special situations.
For example if memory use was exceeding node capacity one may want to give up
for longer periods of time.  If memory spikes intermittendly then one may want
to shorten the time period to reduce the number of off node allocations.

This patch allows just that....

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Instead of scanning all the pages in a zone, imitate real swap and scan
only a portion of the pages and gradually scan more if we do not free up
enough pages.  This avoids a zone suddenly loosing all unused pagecache
pages (we may after all access some of these again so they deserve another
chance) but it still frees up large chunks of memory if a zone only
contains unused pagecache pages.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

zone_reclaim should leave that to the real swapper.  We are only interested
in evicting unmapped pages.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

- If we only reclaim nr_pages then its okay to stay on node.
  Switch from > to >= for the comparison.

- vm_table[] entry for zone_reclaim_mode is a bit screwed up.

- Add empty lines around shrink_zone to show that this is the
  central function to be called.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Make sc->may_writepage control the writeout behavior of shrink_list.

Remove the laptop_mode trick from shrink_list and instead set may_writepage
in try_to_free_pages properly.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Zone reclaim is usually only run on the local node.  Headless nodes do not
have any local processors.  This patch checks for headless nodes and
performs zone reclaim on them.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Ensure that the performance of off node pages stays the same as before.
Off node pagefault tests showed an 18% drop in performance without this
patch.

- Increase the timeout to 30 seconds to reduce the overhead.

- Move all code possible out of the off node hot path for zone reclaim
  (Sorry Andrew, the struct initialization had to be sacrificed).
  The read_page_state() bit us there.

- Check first for the timeout before any other checks.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Some bits for zone reclaim exists in 2.6.15 but they are not usable.  This
patch fixes them up, removes unused code and makes zone reclaim usable.

Zone reclaim allows the reclaiming of pages from a zone if the number of
free pages falls below the watermarks even if other zones still have enough
pages available.  Zone reclaim is of particular importance for NUMA
machines.  It can be more beneficial to reclaim a page than taking the
performance penalties that come with allocating a page on a remote zone.

Zone reclaim is enabled if the maximum distance to another node is higher
than RECLAIM_DISTANCE, which may be defined by an arch.  By default
RECLAIM_DISTANCE is 20.  20 is the distance to another node in the same
component (enclosure or motherboard) on IA64.  The meaning of the NUMA
distance information seems to vary by arch.

If zone reclaim is not successful then no further reclaim attempts will
occur for a certain time period (ZONE_RECLAIM_INTERVAL).

This patch was discussed before. See

http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113519961504207&w=2
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113408418232531&w=2
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113389027420032&w=2
http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113380938612205&w=2



Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Zone reclaim has a huge impact on NUMA performance (f.e.  our maximum
throughput with XFS is raised from 4GB to 6GB/sec / page cache contamination
of numa nodes destroys locality if one just does a large copy operation which
results in performance dropping for good until reboot).

This patch:

Resurrect may_swap in struct scan_control

Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>